Rastreio radiológico para tuberculose em uma penitenciária do sul do Brasil / Radiological screening for tuberculosis in a prison in the south of Brazil

Introdução: Conhecer o perfil da população privada de liberdade da Penitenciária Modulada de Osório (PMO), do ponto de vista radiológico e estimar a prevalência da tuberculose ativa no presídio.Métodos: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de 677 radiografias de tórax obtidas para rastreio de tuberculose e de dados da ficha de atendimento do setor de Radiologia no período de julho a outubro de 2019.Resultados: Foram detectadas 150 radiografias alteradas, o que representa 22% dos 677 exames. Dos 150 exames alterados, 109 (16% do total e 72% dos alterados) apresentavam lesões com características de doença granulomatosa. Dos 677 pacientes, 11,5% referiram tratamento atual ou prévio para tuberculose e estes representam 38% dos casos com radiografias alteradas. Foram detectados 50 pacientes sem história prévia de tuberculose com lesões de aspecto muito provavelmente devido a tuberculose com características de doença ativa (7,3% do total), os quais foram encaminhados para investigação como casos novos. Em relação ao questionário aplicado, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os pacientes que referiam ou negavam tosse entre os com exames normais e alterados.Conclusões: Os indivíduos privados de liberdade apresentaram alta prevalência de alterações radiológicas com aspecto sugestivo de doença granulomatosa. Estes achados permitem inferir que na Penitenciária Modulada de Osório há elevada prevalência de tuberculose, provavelmente em níveis semelhantes a outras casas prisionais do Brasil.

Introduction: To determine the radiologic profile of 'the prisoners at Osório Modular Prison and estimate the prevalence of active tuberculosis in the institution.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 677 chest radiographs obtained for tuberculosis screening and data from the medical records of prisoners seen at the Radiology Department from July to October 2019.Results: Of 677 radiographs, 150 (22%) showed abnormalities. Of these, 109 (16% of total or 72% of abnormal radiographs) showed lesions characteristic of granulomatous disease. Of all 677 patients, 11.5% reported current or previous treatment of tuberculosis, accounting for 38% of all abnormal radiographs. Fifty patients with no previous history of tuberculosis had lesions that were most likely due to active tuberculosis (7.3% of total), and were referred for further investigation as new cases. The responses to the questionnaire revealed no significant difference between patients who reported or denied coughing when comparing those with normal vs abnormal radiographs.Conclusions: Individuals deprived of liberty had a high prevalence of radiologic abnormalities suggestive of granulomatous disease. These findings allow us to infer that there is a high prevalence of tuberculosis at Osório Modular Prison, probably at levels comparable to those of other prison facilities in Brazil.

Pseudoacasalia: um desafio diagnóstico / Pseudoachalasia: a diagnostic challenge

Pseudoacalasia se manifesta de forma semelhante à acalasia do esfíncter esofágico inferior (EEI). Corresponde a 2,4 a 4% dos casos que simulam acalasia 1 . Estima-se que cerca de 50% dos casos de pseudoacalasia correspondam a malignidade primária do esôfago e da junção gastroesofágica e 18% a malignidades secundárias como doença metastática 1,2 . Etiologias benignas também estão descritas. No presente trabalho apresentamos um caso de pseudoacalasia com ênfase nos aspectos radiológicos. Revisamos também aspectos clínicos e radiológicos que podem auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial entre acalasia e pseudoacalasia. (AU)

Pseudoachalasia is a condition that mimics idiopathic achalasia of the lower esophageal sphincter. It accounts for 2.4 to 4% of patients presenting with achalasia-like symptoms. It is estimated that about 50% of cases of pseudoachalasia correspond to primary malignancies of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction and 18% to secondary malignancies such as metastases 1,2 . Benign causes are also described. In this report we emphasize radiological findings of a case of pseudoachalasia. We also review clinical and radiological aspects that might be auxiliary in the differential diagnosis between achalasia and pseudoachalasia. (AU)

Determinação de parâmetros radiográficos de normalidade da face em crianças menores de um ano / Determination of face normality parameters in radiographs of children under one year of age

Introdução: Realizar as medidas radiográficas do comprimento da face de amostra de crianças brasileiras do nascimento até um ano de vida para determinação de parâmetros radiográficos de normalidade. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de radiografias simples de crânio para mensuração da face de crianças de até 12 meses em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Os exames foram realizados entre os anos de 2013 e 2018. Foram incluídas no estudo 170 radiografias cranianas de 85 crianças menores de um ano. Definidos parâmetros de mensuração, executados por três avaliadores e posteriormente comparados utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e o teste ANOVA. Resultados: O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi alto, demonstrando a concordância dos examinadores e a reprodutibilidade das mensurações. Houve pequeno desvio padrão entre as medidas obtidas dos diferentes períodos etários. No geral, ocorreu crescimento da face estatisticamente significativo do primeiro ao terceiro trimestre. O crescimento foi menor e sem diferença estatisticamente significativa do terceiro para o quarto trimestre. Conclusão: Observou-se um aumento progressivo das dimensões dos ossos da face com o crescimento no primeiro ano de vida, especialmente nos primeiros 9 meses. A obtenção destes dados pode auxiliar na avaliação da normalidade para este período etário. (AU)

Introduction: To perform face length measurements on radiographs of Brazilian children from birth to one year of age in order to determine radiographic parameters of normality. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of simple skull radiographs for face measurement of children up to 12 months of age taken in a southern Brazilian hospital between 2013 and 2018. In total, 170 skull radiographs of 85 children under one year of age were included in the study. Measurement parameters were defined, then performed by three evaluators, and later compared using intraclass correlation coefficient and analysis of variance. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient was high, demonstrating interexaminer agreement and reproducibility of the measurements. There was a small standard deviation between the measurements obtained from the different age groups. In general, there was a statistically significant growth of the face from the first to the third trimester. The growth was smaller and with no statistically significant difference from the third to the fourth trimester. Conclusion: We observed a progressive increase in the dimensions of the facial bones with growth in the first year of life, especially in the first 9 months. Obtaining these data will assist in the assessment of normality for this age group. (AU)

An unusual presentation of gastric diverticulum: a rare form of diverticulum of the gastrointestinal tract

Report of two cases of gastric diverticulum (GD) documented by upper gastrointestinal contrast radiographic studies and computed tomography (CT).

Plummer-vinson syndrome associated with lower esophageal ring (Schatzki's Ring)

We report a case of Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS) and lower esophageal ring with a small sliding hiatal hernia. PVS is a rare entity formed by the combination of dysphagia, cervical esophageal web and iron deficiency anemia. It occurs mainly in middle-aged women1,2,3. A lower esophageal ring and a small sliding hiatal hernia were also observed in this case. We documented clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia through images and esophageal abnormalities through barium esophagogram. (AU)

Heterotaxy syndrome: a case report / Síndrome heterotáxica: relato de caso

Heterotaxy syndrome is defined as an abnormal arrangement of some organs and vessels in association with dysmorphism. The authors describe the case of a patient with heterotaxy syndrome with poliesplenia incidentally diagnosed during imaging evaluation (computed tomography and small bowel barium study) of unrelated pathological condition.

Síndrome heterotáxica é definida como um arranjo anormal de alguns órgãos e vasos em associação a dismorfismo. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente com síndrome heterotáxica diagnosticada incidentalmente durante avaliação por imagem (tomografia computadorizada e radiografia contrastada do intestino delgado) de condição patológica não relacionada.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the RDRio genotype is the predominant cause of tuberculosis and associated with multidrug resistance in Porto Alegre City, South Brazil.

Spoligotyping has shown Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to be composed of different lineages, and some of them are not just geographically restricted but also affect specific ethnic populations and are associated with outbreaks and drug resistance. We recently described a particular subtype within the Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) family, called RD(Rio), widespread in Brazil. Moreover, recent data also indicate that RD(Rio) is present in many countries on all continents and is associated with cavitary disease and multidrug resistance (MDR). To further explore the relationship between RD(Rio) and MDR, we conducted a study in a tuberculosis (TB) reference center responsible for the care of MDR patients in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. From a collection of 237 clinical isolates, RD(Rio) alone was responsible for one-half of all MDR cases, including one large group composed of strains with identical IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and having the LAM5 signature. We additionally had complete data records for 96 patients and could make comparisons between the presence and absence of RD(Rio). No difference in clinical, radiological or laboratory features was observed, but a significantly greater number of cases with MDR were described in patients infected with an RD(Rio) strain (P = 0.0015). Altogether, RD(Rio) was responsible for 38% of all TB cases. These data support and confirmed previous findings that RD(Rio) is the main agent responsible for TB in Brazil and is associated with drug resistance. Considering that RD(Rio) is a globally distributed genotype, such findings raise concern about the increase in MDR in certain human populations.

Glucose intolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis: sex-based differences in clinical score, pulmonary function, radiograph score, and 6-minute walk test.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sex-specific relationships between glucose intolerance and Shwachman-Kulczycki clinical score, lung function, Brasfield chest-radiograph score, and exercise capacity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study design and included CF patients ≥ 10 years old. All patients had clinical and nutritional evaluation, oral glucose tolerance test, spirometry, chest radiograph, and 6-min walk test (6MWT). Patients were classified as having normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, or CF-related diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: We included 88 patients: 59 with normal glucose tolerance, 15 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 14 with CF-related diabetes. Shwachman-Kulczycki clinical score (P = .04), at-rest S(pO(2)) (P = .001), S(pO(2)) difference before versus after 6MWT (P = .001), and Brasfield chest-radiograph score (P = .01) were significantly lower in the impaired-glucose-tolerance group than in the normal-glucose-tolerance group, but did not differ from the CF-related-diabetes group. In female patients only, percent-of-predicted FEV(1) was significantly lower in the impaired-glucose-tolerance group than in the normal-glucose-tolerance group (P = .02), but did not differ from the CF-related-diabetes group (P = .10). There was a significant relationship between glucose intolerance and sex when clinical score, 6-min walk distance, FEV(1), and radiograph score were combined in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CF, glucose intolerance was associated with poor clinical score, lower at-rest S(pO(2)), greater S(pO(2)) difference before versus after 6MWT, poor lung function, and lower radiograph score. Overall, multivariate analysis indicated poorer performance in the latter variables in female patients with glucose intolerance than in male patients with glucose intolerance.

Predictors of oxygen desaturation during the six-minute walk test in patients with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the predictive factors of oxygen desaturation during the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study involving clinically stable patients with CF aged > or = 10 years. The patients were submitted to nutritional evaluations, oral glucose tolerance tests, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays and 6MWTs. RESULTS: The study included 88 patients (43 females and 45 males; mean age, 19.9 + or - 7.2 years; mean FEV(1), 65.4 + or - 28.4%). We observed oxygen desaturation in 13 patients (OD+ group) and no oxygen desaturation in 75 (ODmicro group). In comparison with ODmicro group patients, OD+ group patients presented higher mean age (p = 0.004), worse clinical score (p < 0.001), worse radiological score (p < 0.001), higher incidence of glucose intolerance (p = 0.004), lower incidence of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection (p < 0.001), higher incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection (p = 0.016), higher incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (p = 0.008), lower mean resting SpO(2) (p < 0.001) and lower mean FEV(1) (p < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT correlated with resting SpO(2) (OR = 0.305, p < 0.001) and FEV(1) (OR = 0.882, p = 0.025). The parameters maximizing the predictive value for oxygen desaturation were resting SpO(2) < 96% and FEV(1) < 40%. In this sample, 15% of the patients with CF aged > or = 10 years presented oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS: Resting SpO(2) < 96% and FEV(1) < 40% can predict oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT.

Preditores da dessaturação do oxigênio no teste da caminhada de seis minutos em pacientes com fibrose cística / Predictors of oxygen desaturation during the six-minute walk test in patients with cystic fibrosis

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores preditores de dessaturação de oxigênio durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e prospectivo em pacientes com FC clinicamente estáveis com idade superior a 10 anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação nutricional, teste oral de tolerância à glicose, testes de função pulmonar, exame radiológico do tórax e TC6. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 88 pacientes (43 femininos e 45 masculinos) com média de idade de 19,9 ± 7,2 anos e média de VEF1 de 65,4 ± 28,4 por cento. Observamos que 75 pacientes apresentaram-se sem dessaturação de oxigênio (SD) e 13 com dessaturação (CD). Os pacientes do grupo CD apresentaram maior média de idade (p = 0,004), pior escore clínico (p < 0,001), pior escore radiológico (p < 0,001), maior frequência de intolerância à glicose (p = 0,004), menor frequência de infecção bacteriana por Staphylococcus aureus sensível à meticilina (p < 0,001), maior frequência de infecção por S. aureus resistente à meticilina (p = 0,016) e por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0,008) e menor valor médio de SpO2 em repouso (p < 0,001) e de VEF1 (p < 0,001) do que os pacientes do grupo SD. Na análise de regressão logística, SpO2 em repouso (OR = 0,305, p < 0,001) e VEF1 (OR = 0,882, p = 0,025) se associaram com a dessaturação de oxigênio no TC6. Os parâmetros que maximizaram o valor preditivo para dessaturação de oxigênio foram SpO2 em repouso < 96 por cento e VEF1 < 40 por cento. Nessa amostra, 15 por cento dos pacientes com FC com mais de 10 anos apresentaram dessaturação de oxigênio no TC6. CONCLUSÕES: Os parâmetros SpO2 em repouso < 96 por cento e VEF1 < 40 por cento contribuem como preditores de dessaturação no TC6.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the predictive factors of oxygen desaturation during the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study involving clinically stable patients with CF aged > 10 years. The patients were submitted to nutritional evaluations, oral glucose tolerance tests, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays and 6MWTs. RESULTS: The study included 88 patients (43 females and 45 males; mean age, 19.9 ± 7.2 years; mean FEV1, 65.4 ± 28.4 percent). We observed oxygen desaturation in 13 patients (OD+ group) and no oxygen desaturation in 75 (ODµ group). In comparison with ODµ group patients, OD+ group patients presented higher mean age (p = 0.004), worse clinical score (p < 0.001), worse radiological score (p < 0.001), higher incidence of glucose intolerance (p = 0.004), lower incidence of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection (p < 0.001), higher incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection (p = 0.016), higher incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (p = 0.008), lower mean resting SpO2 (p < 0.001) and lower mean FEV1 (p < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT correlated with resting SpO2 (OR = 0.305, p < 0.001) and FEV1 (OR = 0.882, p = 0.025). The parameters maximizing the predictive value for oxygen desaturation were resting SpO2 < 96 percent and FEV1 < 40 percent. In this sample, 15 percent of the patients with CF aged > 10 years presented oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS: Resting SpO2 < 96 percent and FEV1 < 40 percent can predict oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT.